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Count Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Haugwitz ((ドイツ語:Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Haugwitz)), (チェコ語:Fridrich Vilém Haugwitz); 11 December 1702, Saxony – 1765, Deutsch Knönitz ((チェコ語:Miroslavské Knínice)),〔(miroslavske-kninice.cz ) 〕 or Knönitz ((チェコ語:Knínice)), both Habsburg Moravia) was Supreme Chancellor of the United Court Chancery and the head of ''Directorium in publicis et cameralibus'' under Maria Theresa of Austria. He also served as one of the key advisors in instituting Maria Theresa's reforms. Haugwitz attempted to bring both centralization and economic reform to the Habsburg lands. == Biography == In this position, Haugwitz presided over the hereditary lands of the Habsburg Monarchy. After 1760, the chancery also dealt in the affairs of Bohemia.〔Robert A. Kann, ''History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 173.〕 The ''Directorium in publicis et cameralibus'' became a centralized agency established with the advisement of Haugwitz to deal with matters such as “international administration and taxation, public safety, social welfare, education, church matters, mining and commerce”.〔Grete Klingenstein, “Between Mercantalism and Physiocracy” in ''State and Society in Early Modern Austria'', ed. Charles W. Ingrao (West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue Research Foundation 1994), 204.〕 It is clear from Maria Theresa’s testament that Haugwitz was one of her most valued advisors. “He was truly sent to me by Providence, for to break the deadlock I needed such a man, honorable, disinterested, without predispositions, and with neither ambition nor hangers-on, who supported what was good because he saw it to be good…”〔Maria Theresa, "Testament," in ''The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,'' ed. C.A. Macartney (New York: Walker and Company 1970), 118.〕 Haugwitz, as a student of the Austrian cameralist, Wilhelm von Schröder, learned hostility towards the wealthy estates. Haugwitz was also an admirer of the reforms and new administration in the Prussian province of Silesia.〔H.M. Scott, “Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy,” in ''Enlightened Absolutism Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth-Century Europe'', ed. H.M. Scott (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1990), 152.〕 He intended to change economic and administrative institutions through compartmentalization of government functions, education, centralization of the economy and provision of economic information to the monarchy. In terms of compartmentalization, Haugwitz instituted a separation of judicial matters from political and fiscal matters by instituting a new High Court (''Oberste Justizstelle'').〔Scott, 154.〕 Regional courts functioned directly beneath the Empress with each departmental chief supervising his own affairs.〔Reverend James Franck Bright, ''Maria Theresa'' 3rd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1920), 191.〕 Haugwitz also focused on another important initiative to bring modern economic thought to students. Maria Theresa had established the ''Theresianum'' to train noble children for civil service. Through this institution, Haugwitz planned to bring about economic modernization. To catalyze this modernization and establish Vienna as a place of economic discourse, Haugwitz brought Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi to Vienna, first to teach German as the language of administration and later to train students according to both German Kameralism and modern economic theories and practices. As both a former soldier in Prussia and a Protestant, Justi was not well liked in Vienna. Because of this mistrust, Justi lacked the access to pertinent economic data required to execute his theories.〔Klingenstein, 204.〕 Society was also not prepared for modern economic thought because of the traditionally Jesuit nature of scholarship and the division of the Habsburg economy into various regional and local economies.〔Klingenstein, 192.〕 In 1746, under the direction of Haugwitz, in an attempt to bring about economic centralization, the ''Directorium'' was established as a central agency to supervise the lands in the monarchy and make recommendations about economic improvements.〔Herman Freudenberger "Introduction" in ''State and Society in Early Modern Austria'', ed. Charles W. Ingrao (West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue Research Foundation, 1994), 144.〕 In 1749, the government established ''Representationen und Cammern'' as local offices of the ''Directorium'' chiefly as mechanisms for supervising tax policy.〔 Because of this economic centralization, Haugwitz provided Emperor Joseph II with an unprecedented amount of information about the economies of the states over which he would reign. As part of Joseph II’s education, he received an extensive overview of the economic makeup of each state. Such a report was unprecedented because it would traditionally have been viewed as an intrusion in the affairs normally reserved to the estates.〔Klingenstein, 194.〕 All of these reforms helped to bring about the eventual peak of mercantilism in the 1760s.〔Ingrao 144.〕 Military reforms complimented Haugwitz’s economic initiatives. Due to his belief in the need for “immediate supremacy of the sovereign over the army, and the maintenance of an adequate body of troops even in time of peace,” Haugwitz contributed to military reform in both funding and the development of a standing army.〔Bright, 68.〕 To protect the monarchy, Haugwitz recommended a standing army of 108,000 supported by contributions by the estates of 14 million gulden. To avoid the previous issues in estates' withholding of contributions, or the tedious process of frequent appeals to the estates, Haugwitz instituted the Ten Years’ Recess. Under this program, despite the resistance of the estates, the estates would guarantee payment for ten years. This period abolished the previous fluctuations in finances.〔Bright, 68-72.〕 Previously, when taxes were levied from the estates, the estates disagreed amongst themselves over the amount levied, divided the sum among the various estates, collected taxes from the peasantry, deducted from these taxes and then distributed the remainder to the monarchy. In this reform, ''Representationen und Cammern'' collected the taxes in order that the greatest portion of the levy would be distributed to the monarchy.〔Olwen H. Hufton, ''Europe: Privilege and Protest 1730-1789'', 2nd Ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 119.〕 In addition to these military finance reforms, Haugwitz instituted reforms within the military. A policy quite close to conscription was established. Uniform dress was required of soldiers in order to foster national spirit. Haugwitz advocated the usage of Prussian fighting tactics. A training school was founded to train officers in these tactics.〔G. P. Gooch, ''Maria Theresa and Other Studies'' (London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1951), 5.〕 Despite the large-scale nature and depth of Haugwitz’s reforms, their efficacy was not as great as he had intended. Haugwitz’s attempt to transform the monarchy from a “feudal aristocracy” to a “well-organised-despotism” was incomplete. (Franck p. 190) The superior court system that established local judges, while initially an attempt at both centralization and organization brought about the opposite due to the tremendous autonomy of each departmental chief.〔Bright, 191.〕 Furthermore, the reforms had limited scope, because they were not aimed at nor did they have any effect on Hungary, Transylvania, Austria, the Netherlands, or Lombardy.〔Scott, 155.〕 The beginning of the Seven Years’ War in 1757 thwarted the development of many of the reforms.〔Longmans, 9.〕 In false defense of his failing policies, Haugwitz argued that the reforms “were only for peacetime”. Eventually, Haugwitz’s ''Directorium'' was stripped of its military and financial functions and renamed the Bohemian and Austrian Court Chancellery.〔Scott, 155-166.〕 Most power now became centered in the Council of State headed by Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz. Kaunitz, a historic foe of Haugwitz, replaced him in instituting policies. However, Haugwitz’s policies would have an effect throughout the reign of Maria Theresa and later in the reign of Joseph II. Early in his career the composer Joseph Haydn was briefly in Count Haugwitz's employ, playing the organ in the Bohemian Chancellery chapel at the Judenplatz.〔Rita Steblin, 'Haydns Orgeldienste "in der damaligen Gräfl. Haugwitzischen Kapelle"', in: ''Wiener Geschichtsblätter'' 65/2000, p. 124-34.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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